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Plant genetic transformation is a cornerstone of modern crop improvement, enabling the introduction of targeted traits such as stress tolerance, increased yield, improved nutritional quality, and disease resistance. While model plants like Arabidopsis thaliana are relatively easy to transform, many economically important crops—such as wheat, soybean, peanut, cotton, and certain legumes—are recalcitrant to conventional transformation methods due to genotype dependence, low regeneration efficiency, and reliance on labor-intensive tissue culture systems. These challenges have historically limited the application of advanced genetic technologies,
